Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Authors | Year | Location and study period | Total pregnancies | Cases | Controls | Primary outcomes | Secondary outcomes | Trimester of fasting | Length and duration of fasting (days and average hours/day) | Risk of bias (ROBINS-I) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alwasel | 2011 | Saudi Arabia, August 2000–April 2009 | 17,626 | 13,220 | 4406 | – | BW, PW | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | n/a | Moderate |
Arab | 2001 | Iran, 1999 | 4343 | 3086 | 1257 | SGA | BW, LBW | n/a | 1 to 20+ days n/a | Moderate |
Awwad | 2012 | Lebanon, September 2008 | 402 | 201 | 201 | PTB | BW, LBW | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | 22 +/− 9 days n/a | Low |
Azizi | 2004 | Iran, April–September 2001 | 191 | 98 | 93 | – | BW | 3rd | 28 +/− 2 days 13 h20 min | Low |
Bayoglu Tekin | 2016 | Turkey, June–July 2014 | 48 | 23 | 25 | – | BW | 3rd | 18.2 +/− 2 days 17.24 h | Low |
Daley | 2017 | United Kingdom, March 2007 – December 2010 | 5156 | 479 | 4677 | PTB | BW, LBW | 1st | n/a | Moderate |
Hefni | 1993 | Egypt, 1991 | 322 | 167 | 155 | – | BW, SB | 3rd | n/a > 10 h | Low |
Hızlı | 2012 | Turkey, August–September 2010 | 110 | 56 | 54 | – | BW | 3rd | 12.9 +/− 2.5 days 15.3 h (12–19) | Low |
Karateke | 2016 | Turkey, June–July 2014 | 240 | 120 | 120 | – | BW, LBW | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | n/a n/a | Low |
Kavehmanesh | 2004 | Iran, January–September 2000 | 539 | 284 | 255 | PTB | BW | n/a | 24 +/− 9 days 13 h | Low |
Makvandi | 2013 | Iran, 2013 | 300 | 150 | 150 | – | BW, LBW | 3rd | 16.6+/−13.2 days n/a | Low |
Malhotra | 1989 | United Kingdom, April–May 1987 | 22 | 11 | 11 | SGA | BW, CA, NND, PW | 3rd | n/a 7 h | Moderate |
Naderi | 2004 | Iran, November 2001 | 101 | 51 | 50 | – | BW | n/a | 20+ days n/a | Low |
Ozturk | 2011 | Turkey, September 2008 | 72 | 42 | 30 | PTB | – | 2nd | 10+ days Approximately 12 h | Low |
Petherick | 2014 | United Kingdom, October–December 2010 | 300 | 128 | 172 | PTB | BW, GD, Hyp, LBW | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | 1–29 days Up to 18 h | Moderate |
Rezk | 2016 | Egypt, June–July 2015 | 450 | 210 | 240 | – | BW | 3rd | 30 days 12-16 h | Low |
Sakar | 2016 | Turkey, August–October 2013 | 338 | 168 | 170 | – | BW, PW | 3rd | 25.17 +/− 5.44 days n/a | Low |
Sarafraz | 2014 | Iran, 2008 | 293 | 200 | 93 | – | BW | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | 1 to 20+ days n/a | Low |
Savitri | 2018 | Indonesia, July 2012 – July 2014 | 139 | 110 | 29 | – | BW | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | 1–30 days n/a | Moderate |
Seckin | 2014 | Turkey, July–August 2013 | 169 | 82 | 87 | – | BW | 3rd | 23 +/− 3.6 days 18.7 h (17–20) | Low |
Shahgheibi | 2005 | Iran, (dates unknown) | 163 | 63 | 100 | – | BW, LBW | 3rd | 10 to 20+ days n/a | Low |
Ziaee | 2010 | Iran, October 2004 | 189 | 123 | 66 | – | BW, LBW | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | 1 to 20+ days 13 h | Low |